In what ways does Harrison Bergeron by Vonnegut and the ones who walk Coursework

In what ways does Harrison Bergeron by Vonnegut and the ones who walk away from the omelasLeGuin does dystopian works - Coursework Example Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. and The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas by Ursula Le Guin are two examples of dystopian works. In both these stories, the authors give descriptions of futuristic societies that are majorly characterized by the concepts of perfection and equality. In Harrison Bergeron for instance, the author describes a futuristic society of 2081 in which the government has put controls in place to enhance equality in the society. In this society, no one is supposed to have an advantage over the other. Similarly, in The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas, the story describes the peace, happiness and abundance enjoyed by the people of the city of Omelas, and the cots the society has to pay to enjoy these fortunes. In both stories, elements of dystopian societies are evident. In the story The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas, the concept of a dystopian society is well brought out by the author’s description of the child that lives in a room with one door and no window. According to the author, the child has been neglected, and as a result, he may have become an imbecile due to poor nutrition and neglect. The people of Omela know that this child is suffering in the tiny room, and even some of them have come to see the child. However, they know that the child has to be there because all the things they enjoy- happiness, friendships, health of their children, good harvest- all depend on the child’s suffering. This is what is usually told to children whenever they get to the age of understanding. This is a clear illustration of a dystopian society in which propaganda is used to manipulate the people. In dystopian society, propaganda is used to control the citizens, just is the case in Omela. In addition, the author shows that even those who sympa thize with the child are afraid to do anything or leave the city. This is also an illustration of

Anomie and a Bananafish's Liberation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anomie and a Bananafish's Liberation - Essay Example Yet the actual theme is not Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), mental disorder, weird in-laws, or suicide. This paper will explore a deeper theme, specifically anomie, based on an analysis of the relationships among the characters, the depth of the characters, and the fragmented interactive reality within which Seymour Glass responds. This paper will furthermore justify an even deeper theme: redemption. We are first introduced to the self-centered, superficial wife of Seymour Glass followed by exposure to the highly neurotic mother-in-law. Seymour and Muriel are on a vacation together, but do not seem to be connecting much. Muriel had to wait for a phone call to go through due to heavy telephone traffic at the hotel. The author tells us that she â€Å"used the time, though† (Salinger 1). If I were to use that phrase, the meaning would be much different. I would be implying that something important had been accomplished. Muriel, however, smoked a number of cigarettes, read a trashy article, and attended personal grooming. Judging from the telephone call between Muriel and her mother, it seems their relationship is based on neurotic control games, vicious gossip, and unsupportive advice. Muriel cannot finish a sentence without being cut off by her mother who really has nothing helpful or interesting to say. She claims to be concerned for her daughter’s welfare, yet she shows no real interest in her daughter’s feelings or assessments. Muriel patronizes her mother, using coping mechanisms (keeping the phone angled away from her ear, and confirming that she is listening, for example) (1). This relationship is based on dysfunctional habits and codependence. The trendy topic of the moment, interspersed with nasty comments about others, is Seymour, specifically about how dangerous he is, or isn’t, and how urgent the current situation seems to be, or not. Muriel seems more bothered by her husband’s refusal to remove his bathrobe th an she is about him wrecking her father’s car, referring to Muriel as â€Å"Miss Spiritual Tramp of 1948,† having an odd reaction to trees, interrogating Grandma about her death plans, or gifting his wife with a book of poems in a language she cannot read. Muriel is determined to enjoy her vacation and Seymour’s mentality is obviously not a significant consideration (2-3). Muriel is dressed in a white negligee, without undergarments, nails freshly painted. This might be interpreted as a sign of relationship readiness, yet they have a hotel room with twin beds (1). She is on a vacation with her husband whom she spends no time with. She could lie with him on the beach or she could sing with him at the piano, as he plays, but she elects to consult an alcoholic psychiatrist she does not know in a bar where they are drinking with a wife she despises, about a husband she also does not really know (4). Furthermore, it is clear that the consultation was extremely superf icial, involving no significant questions and answers. Seymour lies alone on the beach, his pale vulnerability perpetually protected by a bathrobe (5). His only friend is a four year old girl, Sybil. Sybil is from Connecticut, which I suspect may be a pun, used by the author to indicate the irony of this strange connection between Seymour and Sybil. It is a strange connection because Seymour’s and Sybil’s tone and flirtatious mannerisms are like what one might expect from a

A comparative analysis of The Sun Essay Example for Free

A comparative analysis of The Sun Essay Newspapers are a form of communication and words and photographs can be used very powerfully. New stories attract your attention and styles of writing / reporting is used as an effective device. The media use these devices each and every day. An article they have read in a newspaper has at sometime influenced everyone. However, it is important that you realise you are being influenced and how this is being achieved. Just by purchasing either The Sun or The Guardian to read is the most influential decision you do! This media assignment is a comparative analysis of The Sun a tabloid newspaper and The Guardian a broadsheet newspaper. The front pages will be compared, as will be a news story and also the editorials from both editions. Front Page The Sun Tuesday, March 18 2003. The Guardian Tuesday, March 18 2003. The visual presentation in both front pages of The Sun and The Guardian play a very important role. The Sun has used the front page as a presentational device; this is representative of the journalism in The Sun. The whole of the front page is dedicated to the image of a group of soldiers in action; with the headline Green light for War which is echoed by the whole of the front page tinted in green, which is the apparent view through a soldiers night vision binoculars. This relates well to the article itself; it communicates to its readers without having to first read the text. The use of the colour green and the headline Green light is almost a metaphor; it suggests to the reader that war is forth coming and at hand. These are stylistic choices made to appeal to readers and are eye-catching. Also the main information needed is contained within the headline. Within the text on The Suns front-page one sentence is represented as one paragraph this is to allow the readers eye to travel to points and draw the image and the text together. The style of writing adopted has a bearing on the theatrical; In the ghostly green light. stealthily towards plus the use of bold text adds to the effect. The structures of the sentences are very simple, abstract and condensed easy for the reader to digest. The tone of the piece is informal, a technique to make it easier for the assumed audience to read. In contrast to The Suns front page The Guardian has many glaring differences between the two. The Guardian uses much more information throughout. By comparison the images used in The Guardian of Robin Cook MP and President Bush are also important national and international events as Bush is seen looking very solemn and serious seated at his desk. It seems that The Guardian is trying to strike a chord with the reader by including above the photograph of Bush a sub heading; Bush throws down gauntlet to Saddam: Go into exile with your top men or face massive invasion. Whilst not overdoing it to seem patronising, a well-fixed balance seems to have been found the image reflects the sub heading. The photograph of Robin Cook and sub heading balances out the layout of the front page it looks neat and methodical. The Guardians choice of text and language differs greatly to The Sun the style is also abstract but uses literary angle History will be astonished at the diplomatic miscalculations. This indicates that the people who read this newspaper have a higher level of education, as this paper is more difficult to understand. The Guardian uses long, complex sentences this once again indicates a reasonable level of intelligence expected from the readership. Statistics are used in The Guardian to prove several points this is used as evidence for the sub heading Support for attack jumps, but opposition still in majority. It helps the reader understand the neutral reporting by stating the statistics the article is laying out the information for the reader to absorb. All three articles on the front page of The Guardian use direct speech; in total contrast The Sun does not supply any direct speech on its front page. This is not the only difference between the two newspapers the content is completely different. The different audiences at which the papers are aimed are apparently much more in the content and language of the two newspapers than any other factors affecting them. Newstory The Sun Thursday, March 13 2003: Tarrant: I like to make them sweat. The Guardian Thursday, March 13 2003: Judge provides lifeline as Tarrant fails to answer barristers opening question. Both newstories are visual both have a photograph of the TV celebrity Chris Tarrant. One of the effective differences is The Sun uses colour photograph and The Guardian has gone for the black and white option. This is influential towards the audience colour is communicable and catches the attention of the reader. Plus The Sun has devoted two pages to the story albeit one page is dedicated to photographs and a sketch of inside the court. The Guardian is quite restrained and formal concerning the current trial involving TVs Chris Tarrant and Major Ingram and his alleged cheating on the popular TV game show. Considering the popularity and interest in the case The Guardian does not sensationalise or dramatise the reporting in its article. It is an objective piece of journalism giving the reader a balanced point of view, it is there to inform only. In comparison The Sunis not concerned with serious public interest, but only with what entertains the intended reader and therefore it sees its readers as enjoying celebrity news / scandal. All journalism is there to elicit a response from the reader. The article in The Sun creates an atmosphere of amusement. Spread across the top of the two pages like a mini-headline that reads Millionaire courtroom in stitches as game show host takes witness box this is intended to make the story sound more amusing and an added factor is the over large photograph of the jovial Chris Tarrant; this only reinforces what The Sun thinks its audience wants to see. The Guardian uses articulate language throughout; the sentences are longer and structured and are also approached in a formal manner. There is no striking headline instead this article has a smaller lower case text, and is located on the middle of the second page of The Guardian. Furthermore there is no use of puns, clichi s or jokes to cheapen the article. The way, in which the article is written provides more evidence, it is a conservative style of journalism this appeals to an intellectually wider audience. Whereas The Sun reports a similar story throughout, but its use of language is distinctive to tabloid newspapers. By using monosyllabic style The Sun creates easy reading most paragraphs are short bursts theses are designed to keep the readers attention. The Sun also uses a form of pyramid journalism, they put the juicy news first as many readers dont read more than the first couple of paragraphs this is stereotypical of tabloid newspapers. The main headline Tarrant: I like to make them sweat is an excellent example of journalise; its clichi ridden which is characteristic of The Sun. Once again in The Sun one sentence is equal to one paragraph. The opening paragraph is bold and in lower case text and is a simple explanation to the reader about the main headline. From the opening paragraph and into the sixth paragraph the text has changed four times from bold to italic text, the purpose of this is to keep the reader attentive and engaged. The sketch in The Sun in which Chris Tarrant looks like hes being questioned by the prosecutor, has text below quote Final answer? is a splendid example of the use of a clichi / pun, as it makes reference to Chris Tarrants TV game show. The readers of The Guardian are more likely to be scholarly as much of the language that The Guardian uses is academic, such as its use of polysyllabic text: impassionate, strategically, specifically, steepled and persona are examples of this type of language which is used in the article. It crates a more accurate coverage and reporting of this particular news story, which is apparently how the readers of The Guardian prefer their newspaper to report, more focus on the facts than entertainment. Editorials The Sun Says Thursday, March 13 2003: Only the right way remains. Comment Analysis The Guardian Tuesday, March 18 2003: Left behind to starve. The editorials from both The Sun and The Guardian have corresponding themes war. How they contrast greatly is all down to the content and style of each article. At present the threat of war hangs heavily around the world if not more so in the UK. How each newspaper responds co-insides with its intended audience and how they are expected to respond. The Suns editorial has a bold underlined heading Only the right way remains. What is the editor implying here? Is there no other way, have we no other choice? This type of journalism is impressionable, eliciting an emotional response from the reader. The use of bold lower case text and then a short, three-word sentence followed by a four-word sentence is a clever grammatical and punctuation style of journalism, it make the reading of the article more dramatic and powerful. Puns, clichi s and sensationalised text flow throughout this editorial, the UN are seen as minnows and small fry, people are dangerous dictators, President Chirac displays arrogance and greed. All these styles are designed to influence the audience into the editors way of thinking. The opening paragraph is more of a statement than a piece of journalism; the editor is trying to play on the emotional side of the reader. What becomes apparent throughout is the patriotism shown, is the editor trying to play on the readers conscience? Possibly to sway their views and opinions? Stylistic methods and the use of hyperbolic text like: That is the measure of Blairs courage and determination which does seem a deliberate overstatement; added to the fact the text is bold and underlined is this for confirmation? Half way through the editorial The Sun quotes Blair on his tough stance: Its best to work out what the right thing is and do it. The use of monosyllabic language doesnt co-inside really with Blairs supposedly tough stance; its not much of a powerful quote! The simple use of language makes it not too complicated for the reader to perceive. In stark contrast to The Sun Says, The Guardian takes a different side to the inevitable war. This article takes a more poignant look at the effects of war and is entitled left behind to stave. From the headline and minimalist fashion of drawing the audience is exposed to an emotive style of journalism. In the first paragraph the reader is prepared for the oncoming purpose of this editorial. The first paragraph almost preps the reader Citizens would demand that their governments spend as much on humanitarian aid as they spend on developing new means of killing people. This is straight and to the point writing and also it is a very emotional style. The amount of space that this editorial is given [estimate 1000 words] is a representation on how it feels the importance of this story is needs to be told. The disclosure throughout from the amount the US will spend [$12bn] on the war, to Burundi, which is officially the third poorest nation on earth, is poignant and also emotionally striking. It is an article that exposes another side to war that many people would not have contrived. The Guardian carries throughout it this editorial the use of academic language disproportional, institutional collapse, consolidated appeal, unprecedented and uninhabitable this is what makes The Guardian is serious and educational newspaper. The Guardian discusses the logical and realistic effects around the world, whereas The Sun is not open for debate. This can be seen in the choice of language, it is churlish Treachery of France Small fry at the UN America, the mightiest nation on earth It is a typical device The Sun uses to win over the reader. The Guardian on the other hand lays down an argument and then explores it; sees the problems and evidence, then puts the factual data in for the reader to reflect and to consider. The Guardian has produced a convincing and statistical article that appeals to the readers moral stance rather than The Suns political powers of irrational thinking. The final closing paragraph [bold underlined] of The Sun Says has Tony Blair cemented in history is the reader to assume he is heroic and legendary, The Sun presumes so. The Guardian concludes with an ethical paragraph and cleverly uses a personal pronoun we, this accomplishes the objective to sound more real which it is.

Retigabine for Seizures

Retigabine for Seizures Definition Ezogabine (United States) or retigabine (Europe) has the chemical name N-[2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino) phenyl] carbamic acid ethyl ester. It was shown that the anticonvulsive action of ezogabine is a consequence of its ability to open the KCNQ (Kv7)-type potassium channels that are composed of four subunits and are found in the membranes of neurons [2]. The importance of this type of potassium channels in the development of epilepsy was understood only after its dysfunction was linked to benign familial neonatal convulsions [3,4]. Ezogabine binds to all subtypes of the KCNQ potassium channels, including the KCNQ2-5- subtypes that are expressed in brain tissue. The especially heteromeric KCNQ2/3and KCNQ3/5 potassium channels are highly expressed in the central nervous system and more important in the control of neuronal excitability than other types because they mediate M currents [5,6]. Ezogabine is the only anticonvulsant that has a mechanism of action that involves opening potassium channels. This fact was the initial rationale for the drug’s development, as researchers sought to produce a new drug that would be effective in patients with drug therapy-resistant epilepsy. Ezogabine is the first antiepileptic drug with this mechanism of action and was developed to fill this gap and help with the treatment of drug-resistant patients. Finally, clinical trials documented the effectiveness of ezogabine as adjuvant therapy for the reduction of partial-onset seizure frequency, and it received marketing authorization in 2011 in both the United States and Europe [17] The properties Ezogabine is a poorly water soluble small molecule (molecular weight 303.3). ]. The standard method for identification of ezogabine is reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with or without mass spectrometry using electro spray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer [19]. The results of ezogabine identification could be confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy [19]. Mechanism of action The mechanism of action of ezogabine was investigated using the electrophysiological measurements of ionic currents in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (transfected with cDNA encoding humanM1 muscarinic receptors,KCNQand CD8cDNAs) and rat ganglion cells, using the amphotericin-B perforatedpatch technique [22]. The effects of ezogabine were tested on ionic currents from both heteromeric KCNQ2/3 and homomeric KCNQ1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3 and KCNQ4 potassium channels. The potassium currents were enhanced by ezogabine through all types of channels, except KCNQ1. The effects of ezogabine were also tested in another study on HEK293 cells stably transfected with KCNQ5 channels [23]; it was shown that ezogabine concentration-dependently also enhances the potassium current through this type of channel. After binding for the KCNQ channel, ezogabine decreases the membrane  potential threshold for activation of the channel (makes it more negative, i.e., shifts it toward the hyperpolarizing end) and in creases the probability of maximum opening of the KCNQ channel [22,23]. All of these effects make neurons less prone to depolarization and activation. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism The absolute bioavailability of orally-administered RTG is ~ 60% [34]. Absorption is rapid and Cmax is typically reached 30 120 min after a single oral dose [35-38]. Cmax is moderately increased when RTG is taken with a high-fat meal, while the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) remains unchanged [39]. RTG is rapidly eliminated following first-order kinetics, with a terminal half-life of approximately 7.5 h; the clearance is 0.58 0.76 l ·h-1 ·kg-1 [35-37]. Young women may reach 30% higher Cmax values than men after accounting for body weight, but weight adjusted clearance is similar [36]. RTG has a large volume of distribution (8.7 l ·kg-1) and a plasma protein binding of about 80% [35,39]. In healthy volunteers, RTG pharmacokinetics is linearly dose-proportional for doses of 50 350 ÃŽ ¼g BID and not affected by multiple administrations indicating that RTG does not influence its own metabolism [35]. In epilepsy patients, RTG dose linearity was demonstrated over the therapeutic dose range of 200 400 mg t.i.d. [35,40]. RTG is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes [41,42]. Rather, it is extensively metabolized by N-glucuronidation, leading to formation of two major N-glucuronides, and to a smaller extent by N-acetylation, leading to formation of the N-acetyl metabolite of retigabine (NAMR, formerly AWD21-360), which also undergoes glucuronidation [41,42]. In vitro assays using recombinant human UDPglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) identified UGT1A1, 1A9, 1A4, and 1A3 as the principal enzymes catalyzing RTG glucuronidation [43,44]. In subjects with reduced UGT1A1 metabolic capacity (Gilbert’s syndrome), RTG pharmacokinetics is unchanged and N-acetylation partially compensates for reduced glucuronidation, in addition to compensation by other UGT1A isoforms [45]. Other UGT1 and UGT2 family members also appear to be involved, because complete loss of UGT1A metabolic capacity (Crigler-Najjar type II) did not completely abolis h RTG glucuronidation in vitro [44]. Individuals with genetic polymorphisms in the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene leading to a â€Å"slow acetylation† phenotype had a lower total exposure to NAMR than rapid acetylators [45]. Safety and tolerability of RTG treatment is apparently not altered in subjects with Gilbert’s syndrome or slow acetylation polymorphisms [45]. RTG and its metabolites are primarily excreted by the kidney [42,45]. A 30% slower RTG clearance in elderly subjects vs. young subjects is consistent with the known decline of renal function with age [36]. Systemic RTG clearance can be reduced by 50% in patients with moderate/severe impairment of liver function (Child-Pugh score †¡ 7) or kidney function (creatinine clearance Safety and tolerability Three Phase III clinical trials were pivotal to the eventual approval of ezogabine for use to treat seizures. The first was a study by Porter et al. during which placebo or ezogabine  at daily doses of 600, 900, or 1200 mg was administered [9]. RESTORE 1 compared placebo to ezogabine 1200 mg/day, and RESTORE 2 compared subjects taking 600 or 900 mg  of ezogabine daily with those taking placebo [4,10]. As would be expected and consistent with other antiepileptic agents, the most commonly observed adverse effects seen with ezogabine use are CNS-related. At least 10% of study participants in Phase III clinical trials experienced somnolence, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, tremor, abnormal thinking, vertigo,  speech disorders, or amnesia [4,9,10]. Most of these adverse effects appear to be related to dose, and are typically reported to be mild or moderate in nature. As in the Phase III trials, the majority (62%) of adverse events were CNS-related. In addition, several ezogabine user s experienced neuropsychiatric events including hallucinations (2%), confusion (9%), and psychosis (1%) [12]. The majority of these episodes occurred within the first two months of drug exposure in individuals with no documented history of a psychiatric disorder.

Luis XIV, and His Selfish Ways :: European History Essays

Luis XIV, and His Selfish Ways If you were asked to answer the question, â€Å"Which king in European history was the best representative of absolutism?†, you would probably answer, â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify the king with the biggest palace and the most glamorous court, you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify the king whose reign coincided with the most glorious period of culture in his country's history, you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† If you were asked to identify what king fought an endless series of wars, heavily taxed his population, set up the pre-conditions for a revolution against his own system and was jeered by his people as his body was taken to be buried, then you would answer â€Å"Louis XIV.† Louis XIV was a great builder; he built many palaces and residences in France. His greatest remaining monument is Versailles, which was simultaneously a triumph and a disaster in the eyes of France. Louis XIV continued the policy of centralizing French government that Henry IV, Richelieu, and Mazarin started before he became King. Louis XIV also was blessed by having a number of very able advisors. Among the most brilliant was a man by the name of Colbert. Colbert was in charge of economic policies and under his direction the French economy expanded greatly. Louis XIV considered the Protestants, also known as the Huguenots, to be a nuisance, if not a threat to his rule. The Huguenots tended to be more urban, wealthier and better educated than the typical citizen of France. Louis had little understanding of the theological tenants of Protestantism. Some people think that Louis XIV was very important for the future prestige and importance of France. Louis XIV developed diverse manufacturing capabilities, more roads, more ports, more canals, an expanded navy and merchant marine, and all these gave France the potential for greater prosperity. This was looked upon highly by some people, but others were more impressed by the king’s building skills. His greatest remaining monument is Versailles. Versailles was used for residential and government purposes, but it also drew a lot of attention because of its beauty. The palace was filled with a glamorous court.

Analysis of The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay -- Biblical Scr

Analysis of The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Preamble â€Å"The grass withers and the flowers fall but the word of our God stands forever† Isaiah 40.8 â€Å"Mohammed Dib, a Bedouin shepherd of the T’Amireh tribe† (Keller, 1957, 401) could not have known that he would be the person who, in 1947, would bring to bear the words of Isaiah 40.8 This shepherd boy had been clambering around the clefts and gullies of a rock face on Wadi Qumran, north of the Dead Sea hoping to find one of his lost lambs. Thinking that it could have taken refuge in a cave he threw stones at the opening. He heard a jar break, became fearful and ran to fetch his fellow tribesmen. What they discovered were written scrolls of ancient papyrus, stuffed in jars and wrapped in linen. The Bedouins thought that they could make money on the black market in Bethlehem so sold them for a few shekels. A bundle of four of these scrolls was purchased by â€Å"the Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem, Yeshue Samuel who then stored them in St. Marks Monastery†. (Albright, 1954, 403) From this point in time interest in the scrolls escalated and in â€Å"1949 the Oriental Institute in Chicago invited Yeshue Samuel to submit the scrolls for examination. The Dead Sea Scrolls were given extensive and exhaustive examinations including carbon testing which indicated that â€Å" because the linen they were wrapped in was made from flax which had been harvested in the time of Christ that the scrolls were seen to have been copied around 100 B.C.† (Albright, 1954, 404). From the time of the initial discovery there was also an upsurge in archeological expeditions to the area. One such expedition was in 1949 when Father Roland de Vaux, Dominican Director of the French Ecole Biblique et Archeologique at Jerusalem and Professor Lankester Harding the British Director of the Department of Antiquities in Amran arrived in Qumran. After the initial disappointment of finding no complete scrolls or jars they â€Å" literally examined the floor of the cave with their fingernails. What they found allowed them to come to some astonishing conclusions† (â€Å"they found fragments and potsherds relating to Graeco-Roman times, dating from 30 B.C. to A.D. 70. Six hundred tiny scraps of leather and papyrus made it possible to recognize Hebrew transcriptions from Genesis, Deuteronomy, and the... ...ve been invented for the purpose of Christianity, that they are in fact the Word of God. Works Cited Albright, W.F. â€Å"Archeology and the Religion of Israel†. The Bible as History Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 403 Burrows, Millar. More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls and New Interpretations. New York: 1955. The Viking Press. 1958. 180. Dupont-Sommer, A. The Essene Writings from Qumran. New York: 1962. 23-38 Ferguson, F. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 1987. Grand Rapids, Mich: 1990. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1990. 369-421 Harding, L. Journal of the Society of Oriental Research (JSOR). The Bible as History. Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 409- 410 Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. 1959 Penguin Books Ltd. 129 Lohse, E. The new Testament Environment. Trans. John E. Steeley. 1974 London: SCM Press. 1989: 89-115 Tushingham, A. Douglas. The Men who hid the Dead Sea Scrolls. December. 1958: National Geographic Magazine Vardaman, J. The Earliest Fragments of the New Testament. 1971-72: Expository Times 374-376

Lysistrata Of Aristophanes Essays -- essays research papers fc

The Lysistrata of Aristophanes Aristophanes was a satirist who produced Lysistrata around 413 BC when the news of Athen’s warships had been destroyed near Sicily. For twenty-one years, while Athens was engaged in war, he relentlessly and wittliy attacked the war, the ideals of the war, the war party and the war spirit. This risked his acceptance and his Athenian citizenship. Lysistrata is probably the oldest comedy which has retained a place in modern theatre. It primarily deals with two themes, war and the power of sexuality.. Lysistrata (an invented name meaning, She Who Puts an End to War) has summoned the women of Athens to meet her at the foot of Acropolis. She puts before them the easy invitation that they must never lie again with their husbands until the war is ended. At first, they shudder and withdraw and refuse until, with the help of the women from Sparta and Thebes, they are impelled to agree. The women seize the Acropolis from which Athens is funding the war. Aft er days of sexually depriving their men in order to bring peace to there communities. They defeat back in an attack from the old men who had remained in Athens while the younger men are on their crusade. When their husbands return from battle, the women reject sex and stand guard at Acropolis. The sex strike, portrayed in risqué episodes, finally pressure the men of Athens and Sparta to consent to a peace treaty. Ancient Greece in 431 BC was not a nation. It was a collection of rival city-states that were allies with each other or with leading military powers. Athens was a great naval power, while Sparta relied mainly on its army for superiority. In 431 BC, these alliances went to war against each other in a conflict called the Peleponnesian War. The war, which went on for 27 years, is named for the Peloponnesus, the peninsula on which Sparta is located. As the war began, Sparta and Athens each took advantage of their military strengths. Sparta ravaged Attica, the territory a round Athens, while the Athenian navy raided cities in Peloponnesus. This strategy lasted for two years. Meanwhile, Pericles’ death in 429 BC left the democracy open for hostile factions and reckless leaders who pursued their own advantages. Chief among these leaders was Alcibiades, who was as irresponsible as brilliant. By 425 BC, Sparta’s hopes for victory were bleak, and its leaders were ready to ask... ... to succeed. Ending the war would be so easy that women could complete the task. Aristophanes is not one of the most profound or exalted of Greek poets, but he is the most creative. Others deal with the world as it is, glorifying it or justifying its flaws, discovering hidden values in it and suggesting how they may be realized. Aristophanes erases the present and constructs another. He rids history and its constraints. If war has become tiresome he makes a private treaty and fetches the goddess of Peace. If Athens has become tiresome, he builds a new one in the sky. As Lysistrata shows, he is more moved by sympathy for the innocent sufferers of war than anger against the warmongers. Although caustic and good-humored, he intended to show the power lust and civil war amongst the Greeks. Works Cited Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. 18 September 2000. *http://www1.cc.va.us/hurst/eng251cr/* Arkins, Brian. Classics Ireland. "Sexuality in Fifth-Century". 15 September 2000. *h ttp://www.ucd.ie/classics/94/Arkins94.html/* Hadas, Moses. Lysistrata. The Complete Plays of Aristophanes. New York, 1962. 287-328 Peleponnesian War. 16 September 2000. *http:/www.library.thinkquest.org/*

Unit 4 Equality and Diversity

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 4: Living in diverse communities Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your teacher via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name: 1. Describe a range of appropriate investigative methods that can be used to explore diversity in a community. Range of age. Sex male to female ratio. Different religion/faiths, marital status marriage & divorce statistics. Ethnicity i. e. which ethnic group is most prominent & Education etc. This information for example can be sourced by accessing census information, the internet & also through observational data 2. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the extent of diversity that exists within your community. You should illustrate your work with some actual data such as statistics or desktop research. Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on religion |All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Christian |Count |Persons |3892 | |Buddhist |Count |Persons |8 | |Hindu |Count |Persons |158 | |Jewish |Count |Persons |7 | |Muslim Count |Persons |10310 | |Sikh |Count |Persons |744 | |Any other religion |Count |Persons |18 | |No religion |Count |Persons |896 | |Religion not stated |Count |Persons |1464 | Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on Marital status All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Single (never married) |Count |Persons |9213 | |Married (first marriage) |Count |Persons |5982 | |Re-married |Count |Persons |404 | |Separated (but still legally married) |Count |Persons |461 | |Divorced |Count |Persons |628 | |Widowed |Count |Persons |809 | 3. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the range of services and agencies that exist within your local community to support diversity. Bradford Refugee Forum – This is run by the Northern Refugee Centre in Sheffield. The City of Bradford itself has a population estimated at just over half a million, 22% of which is BME. This makes Bradford one of England’s melting pots with a significant BME presence. Beginning 1960’s, the importation of migrant labour largely from South Asia to work in the city’s growing textile industry resulted in a big concentration of the Pakistan community. The city was rocked by race riots in 1995 and 2001. It also experienced increasing inflows of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants from all over the globe especially from Afghanistan, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia and other EU states. It is against this background that BRF was formed with a broad remit to provide a strong voice for the refugee and asylum community and to achieve this by ensuring active representation of these communities at various strategic forums in political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. Closely allied to this commitment, was the need for empowering these communities through effective learning and development and the delivery of wanted information to the right people, at the right time and place. Through this strategy, barriers to essential services would be unlocked and the potential for social integration enhanced. Additionally, it was hoped that building capacity in the asylum and refugee community, would increase opportunities for individuals to grow their skills, knowledge and competencies as well as their income earning potential. Olive Branch Trust – Olive Branch Trust was established in 1983 to invest in the local community of South Bradford, West Yorkshire. Over the years the Trust has grown considerably and now focuses on 2 main areas of work, namely the Family and the Youth. The Trust employs many people and these are helped by numerous skilled and dedicated volunteers In 2001 the Trust also became a Limited Company, and then in 2008/9 Community Interest Companies were formed to better deliver the services to our clients. There are now 2 companies namely E:merge CIC (Youth /Education Services) and BD4 CIC (services to the Family). Whereas the initial focus was our city of Bradford they now provide services to those further afield. Drug & Alcohol Counselling – Within Bradford there are several organisations offering help with drug and alcohol problems, organisations like the Council and the Health Authority and specialist voluntary organisations. They can give help from practical advice and information to counselling and prescribing. Support and advice can also be given to families of people with alcohol and drug problems. All the organisations work closely together and use each other's special skills. If you contact one organisation and its workers feel another organisation could help you more, they will discuss this with you. But you are welcome to contact any of the organisations. 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, provide a wide range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to: †¢ Religion †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Age †¢ Disability †¢ Gender 1-Shop signage in dual language 2-Different places of worship 3-Large amount of mobility aid shops 4-More asian dress shops 5-Halal butchers 6-Charity shops for overseas aid 7-Few English speaking schools -Large amount of interpreter agencies 9-Few English speaking shop workers 10-Increased amount of asian food warehouses 11-Very few white/british families in area 12-More male shop/factory workers than female 13-More small family run businesses opening 14-More asian familes moving into empty houses 15-More single males in area 16-Lack of Christmas celebration in area 17-Restaurant more suited to asian community 18-Solicitors specialising in immigration needs 19-Shop opening times to fit in with community prayers 20-Very few churches but increased number of mosques 5. Describe the types of inequality that could exist within a community. Report on your findings. As displayed in the tables in Q1 it shows that the Muslim community has more followers in the BD4 area than all other religions put together, it also shows that over half of the locality are single persons. 6. Describe the threats that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. The Bradford Council for Mosques agreed that Muslims had a negative image in British society. A spokesman said: â€Å"The entire British Muslim community gets blamed for the misguided actions of a few. The gross misconceptions about Islam make British Muslims an easy target for blame. Bradford West MP Marsha Singh said: â€Å"There is growing Islamaphobia and it has grown since 7/7 but what we need to do is make sure people keep it in perspective. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) As Pakistan comes out of three days of official mourning following the assassination of Salman Taseer, governor of the Punjab province and a senior member of the Pakistan People’s Party, people in Bradford are angry and anxious. Senior public figures among Muslims in Bradford are concerned that Pakistan may be in the grip of religious intolerance that may be a threat to their own friends and family. Ishtiaq Ahmed, spokesman for Bradford Council for Mosques, was in Pakistan a fortnight ago with his wife. He says: â€Å"People there have no trust in the authorities with regard to law or justice. If something goes wrong, they don’t call the police. When you have that level of distrust, people take the law into their own hands. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) 7. Research the range of support services and networks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This task should be completed for each of the following: a) Public sector organisations Bradford Royal Infirmary – NHS hospital for use of any persons needing treatment. Bowling hall medical practice – offers a full range of medical services to the communities of South Bradford. Our two male and four female doctors have extensive experience within the NHS, and hold various surgeries throughout the day. HolmeWood library – Library for community residents. b) Charitable and voluntary organisations Willow Foundation – the only national charity that provides psychological and emotional support for seriously ill 16 to 40 year olds through the provision of special day experiences. St Vincent de Paul Society – SVP Community Shops provide another point of access to SVP services for those most in need. The SVP operates 29 community shops across England and Wales. The shops are situated in areas of deprivation and serve local communities, providing low cost goods and household items to disadvantaged individuals and families, offering a listening ear, and where appropriate, arranging for local SVP members to visit those most in need. c) Self-help groups Alzheimers society – Available to anyone for dementia information Action for the blind – Action for Blind People is a national charity providing free and confidential support for blind and partially sighted people in all aspects of their lives. One call to Action means help with anything from finding a job, applying for benefits, housing issues to information on local services. UK Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Forum – The UK's only specific forum for patients, families, friends and carers of those diagnosed with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Willy Loman

The American Dream is the idea that with hard work and perseverance, anyone can succeed in America, the land of opportunity.   However, as time went by, the idea of the American Dream came to mean working to buy material possessions, and no matter how hard someone works, there is always more to buy.   As people struggle to achieve the American Dream, companies downsize and fire people who have given their lives to that company.   Capitalism in America causes a very few people to gain wealth while the rest of society just continues to struggle. The unforgettable Willy Loman and his family demonstrate the dangers and downright destructive forces of capitalism.   Willy Loman has simply unrealistic expectations of his own life and his family members.   He does not face his own flaws and just cannot seem to get ahead.   Willy Loman shows the dangers of getting too wrapped up in the very values of capitalism such as the idea that money equals character and material possessions defines self-worth. As Willy continues to be unsuccessful, he feels more and more inadequate and depressed.   He is courted by the grand idea of the American Dream without understanding that it is almost unattainable for many.   He suffers from this system as well as his own inability to change the dream or to cope with the unrealistic nature of the dream.   Capitalism kills his American Dream. Willy raises his children by transferring his own unrealistic version of the dream to them in myriad ways.   Willy’s focus in raising his children is that they be both attractive and popular. By raising his children this way, they never learn any skills that will sustain them in life.   In fact, they learn really the opposite of capitalism in making the effort to get ahead. Biff, who thinks he is above it all because he is so popular and well-liked that he doesn’t devote any time to schoolwork and ends up flunking high school math.   He doesn’t make it up in summer school so he cannot go to college.   He actually ends up stealing from his boss, and is basically floundering in the world.   He, like his father, always has grandiose ideas about success.   Happy, on the other hand, turns out another way.   Happy believes that Bill Oliver (the boss Biff stole from) will lend them money for one of their half-baked plans about selling sporting goods.   He is completely unrealistic and has no ambition.   Happy is well-liked, especially by women, but spends all his time trying to â€Å"score.† No effort is devoted to actually getting a job or being self-sufficient.   Because Willy is so focused on the idea that his children will achieve the American Dream, he teaches them horrible values.   When Biff steals a football, Willy praises him.   When Biff flunks math, he ignores the fact that Biff cheated.   He pumps up their self-esteem so much that they cannot hold down jobs.   They cannot seem to stoop to taking orders from anyone.   And Willy cannot seem to avoid making these false promises to them. For example as he tells his boys, â€Å"the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates a personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want.   You take me, for instance.   I never have to wait in line to see a buyer.   â€Å"Willy Loman is here!†Ã‚   That’s all they have to know and I go right through.† (Miller 33)   However, he is a salesman for the same company who lets him go without a second thought, as he becomes less useful to them.   Willy is not preparing his children for a world of capitalistic corporate downsizing and such. He pumps his children up for life but goes way too far in avoiding the truth.   When Biff talks about working for Bill Oliver, he says, â€Å"How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there?   I even believed myself that I’d been a salesman for him!   And then he gave me one look and –I realized what a ridiculous lie my whole life had been!   We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years. I was a shipping clerk† (Miller 104).   In this quote Biff summarizes the idea that Willy has filled them both full of hot air, to the point that they cannot even live in the â€Å"real† world.   Biff cannot even admit that he was only a lowly clerk and so he ends up getting angry and stealing from his own boss.   Willy has not allowed the boys to truly see reality. Another capitalistic idea presented is that everyone must work and work in this world to provide for their families, to keep them in the newest things.   However, people never really get to see the benefits of all their hard work.   As a society, most families are in debt for everything they â€Å"own,† and they never get to see the end product of that.   As Willy says, Figure it out.   Work a lifetime to pay off a house.   You finally own it, and there’s nobody left to live in it† (Miller 15). By the time Willy works enough years in his life to pay off the house and the stuff in it, the kids are grown and he is on the verge of retirement.   And as he says, â€Å"I gotta be at it ten, twelve hours a day† (Miller 37).   He works so hard to provide for his family but never actually gets to spend time with them because he is always working to pay for all that stuff.   In a capitalistic world, things are made to be replaced and to keep their owners paying on them.   â€Å"Once in my life I would like to own something outright before it is broken. I just finished paying for the car and it's on its last leg (Miller 36). The same idea is expressed again by Willy in talking with Linda about the refrigerator.   They are discussing the expensive General Electric which functions well versus the cheaper Hastings model that they bought.   â€Å"Whoever heard of a Hastings refrigerator?   Once in my life I would like to own something outright before it’s broken!   I’m always in a race with the junkyard!   I just finished paying for the care and it’s on its last legs.   The refrigerator consumes belts like a goddam maniac. They time those things.   They time them so when you finally paid for them, they’re used up† (Miller 73).   Like the products that are all around him, Willy is also used up himself, and his company will prove this by letting him go after his dedication all these years. The idea that everyone must work really hard and advance their way up the ladder in order to make a good living is also presented.   â€Å"To suffer fifty weeks of the year for the sake of a two-week vacation, when all you really desire is to be outdoors, with your shirt off.   And always to have to get ahead of the next fella.   And still—that’s how you build a future† (Miller 22). Ben and Charley are both presented as foils to this idea, and Willy is depressed that he does not live the lifestyle of either of these men, but he â€Å"missed the boat† so to speak.   These men both kind of â€Å"luck† into things as is often the case in a capitalistic society.   Many times, it makes no difference how hard one works or how liked he is or anything else; it is about being in the right place at the right time. People can be discarded in this capitalistic world when they no longer serve their â€Å"purpose.†Ã‚   Willy is fired after devoting his life to the company with the horrible epithet of capitalism, â€Å"business is business.†(Miller 80).     Willy has given his adult life to sales for this company, and when he is no longer â€Å"useful† to them, he is fired.   â€Å"[Y]ou can't eat the orange and throw the peel away — a man is not a piece of fruit!† (Miller 82) The Wagner Company has sucked the life out of him and then fired him, discarding him like a useless piece of orange rind.   â€Å"I don't say he's a great man. Willie Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He's not the finest character that ever lived. But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He's not to be allowed to fall in his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must finally be paid to such a person† (Miller 56). Linda is making a statement to America here about the way workers are treated in such a capitalistic society.   When everyone wants to â€Å"get ahead,† humanity is lost.   Willy is a person, and he deserves to be treated like one.   â€Å"He works for a company thirty-six years this March, opens up unheard-of territories to their trademark, and now in his old age they take his salary away† (Miller 56). Humanity is lost.   Workers should have pensions for devoting their lives to a company.   As he says to Charley, â€Å"you end up worth more dead than alive† (Miller 76).   His life insurance policy left to his family will provide better for them than he ever could.   This again, is the sadness of many corporate lives when they have reached the end of their â€Å"usefulness† according to the powers that be. Willy even has grandiose ideas about his own funeral and his importance in this dehumanized world.   Willy has given his life for the business, and feels that his funeral will be spectacular.   All the people he sold to will be there.   People from all over New England will attend because he was so well-liked but in reality, no one attends—his family and Charley. In all, Willy Loman was destroyed by the capitalistic society.   Capitalism kept him working in a job to â€Å"keep up with the Jones’† he was able to buy all the things that society sells to us with the idea that they are indispensable.   He devotes his life to his job in sales, never spending much time with his family because he was always on the road.   In the end, what does he have to show for it?   Nothing.   His boys are not productive and suffer from false illusions of their own.   He kills himself so that his life insurance policy will provide for his family.   Arthur Miller provides this play is a kind of indictment on the way the world is progressing today, particularly America.   He provides Willy Loman as a sort of tragic hero who wants to hold to some of the â€Å"old† ideas but is continually beaten down by the new trends.   Capitalism kills the American Dream. Works Cited Miller, Arthur, Death of a Salesman, Penguin Books, Middlesex England, 1949.                  

Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay

In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the two main research methods underlying scientific knowledge. Qualitative research is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative research; That is, it does not involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of objectivity that characterises the quantitative approach. While quantitative research aims to categorise participants in numerical form by creating statistical models to answer specific hypothesises; Qualitative research does not start with a specific hypothesis, instead it seeks to understand behaviours, and experiences (McQueen & Knussen, 2013, p.422). Qualitative researchers tend to operate un der different epistemological beliefs than that of quantitative researchers. Unlike quantitative researchers who use fixed instruments with little flexibility, Qualitative researchers allow questions to emanate and reshape themselves as the research unfolds (Krauss, 2005, p. 759). The qualitative researcher is engaged in the world they investigate, creating an unstructured and reflective element to the research, where the researchers’ knowledge, emotive interactions, and past experiences all form a part of the research (Ponterotto, 2010, p.583). According to Guba and Lincoln (as cited in Ponterotto, 2005, p.128) there are four main research paradigms: postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism and the critical-ideological and positivism perspective. Of these four paradigms, positivism is solely adopted in the quantitative approach, whereas the three remaining paradigms are utilised in the qualitative approach (Ponterotto, 2010, p.581). Postpositivism is based on critical realism, and uses traditional qualitative methods, in as quantifiable manner as is possible. Postpositivists believe that although there is a reality independent of  human consciousness, one can never truly capture an objective view of this reality (Ponterotto, 2005, p.129). Postpositivists maintain that although the researcher may have some influence on the research, the maintenance of objectivity remains crucial in the research process (Ponterotto, 2005, p.131). Whilst the postpositive paradigm adopts a modified dualist/objectivist approach, the constructivism-interpretivism paradigm is based on relativism. Constructivists consider reality to be experienced differently by each individual, as opposed to being an external and singular reality. (Ponterotto, 2005, p.129). Ponterotto (2005) considers the constructivist paradigm as transactional and subjective, making the interaction between the researcher and participant cardinal in capturing the â€Å"lived experience†; with the researcher and participant, together, construct the findings from their interactions (Pont erotto, 2005, p.129-131). Like constructivists, the criticalists conclude that reality is constructed within a social-historical context, the difference being, that criticalists conceive reality through power relations and use their research to understand victims of oppression and seek to uncover structures of power (Ponterotto, 2005, p.130-131). The researcher’s values play a key role, as participant empowerment and emancipation are the researcher’s goal. Relationships between researchers and participants are subjective and transactional with the relationship being dialectic in nature (Ponterotto, 2005, p.130-131). In contrast to the qualitative paradigms, the main feature of quantitative research is that it mirrors the natural sciences by adopting a positivist approach which is dualist and objective in nature. Positivism assumes the hypothetico-deductive method, that is, researchers start out with a research question and hypothesis, and then formulate a way of measuring or proving it (Ponterotto, 2005, p.128). Ponterotto (2005) further states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of variables that can be expressed as mathematical formulas to determine functional relationships. These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches. Methodology re fers to the processes and procedures of the research. Research methods used include observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and analysis of text (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132). Observational research is non-experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing behaviour. It  can be unstructured, semi-structured, structured, participant or non-participant (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and cultural barriers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the researcher gains access to information they normally wouldn’t have. Observation is typically used in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). As with observation, interviews and focus groups can be structured, semi-structured and unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape recordings to improve data quality. Interviewing allows the researcher to guide and prompt things that we cannot observe, it also allows us to get an understanding of the participant’s account of the phenomenon (W ellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.86). Some limitations can be the use of vague questions, and excessive prompting and questioning by the interviewer, which can distort the quality of data. Interviewing is typically utilised in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research using closed ended questions (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.86). Another form of methodology is that of Case studies which are an in depth observations of a single subject, or a small group of individuals. Case studies are deemed useful in trying to understand complex psychological phenomenon that either are not well understood or cannot be replicated experimentally (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2012 p.55). Two concerns of using this methodology is observer bias and generalisability due to the small sample size, however, this can be overcome by using a multi-case-study method. This methodology is typically used in qualitative research, however, can also be used in quantitative research (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2012 p.55). As with case studies, questionnaires and surveys are a form of descriptive research. It involves questions about behaviours and beliefs using a larger sample size (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.96). One limitation is the lack of interpretive opportunity, and unintended systemic bias. Surveys and questionnaires are largely used in quantitative research using close ended questions, but can be used in qualitative research using open ended questions. (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.96). The main difference between the fields of study emerge when we look at the methodologies of data analysis. Frost (2011) identifies four main methods of data analysis in  qualitative research, these are grounded theory, interpretive phenomenology (IPA), discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. Grounded theory entails creating categories and themes and then conducting comparative analysis to generate hypothesis. IPA analyses data by endeavouring to make sense of the participant’s experiences by coding reoccurring patterns and meanings throughout the text. Discourse analysis involves analysing and deconstructing spoken, written, or any significant semiotic event and assigning meaning to it. Narrative analysis focuses on the way people use stories to interpret and give mean ing to the world and provides a useful way for the researcher to explore and describe realities (Frost, 2011, p. 19-94). Two other forms of methodology commonly used, but not discussed here, are ethnography and action research. (McQueen & Knussen, 2013, pp.430-433). Conversely, the core concepts of quantitative research are generalizability, reliability, objective measurement, and validity, coupled with three types of research methods including correlational designs, experimental designs, and descriptive designs (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp.91-108). Whereas correlation and descriptive designs involves identifying the relationship between two variables, experimental designs allow researchers to make claims of casual inference, which looks at which variable is the cause and which is the effect (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp.91-108). Quantitative data is analysed using statistical analysis which is made up of descriptive and inferential statistics, and include the, T-test, correlation, standard deviation, mode, mean, and median and chi-square (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp47-100). In summary, qualita tive and quantitative research methods have a lot to offer in psychological research, but with every research approach there are strengths and weaknesses. Whilst some theorists argue that psychological research can be distorted by subjectivity, others argue that not all human behaviour and thinking is always strictly logical. Whilst qualitative methods are more time consuming and harder to carry out, they emphasise validity and data quality; and while quantitative methods are often thought of as rigid and providing limited data, it ensures reliability (Hayes, 2000 pp. 169-170). It can be seen from the above discussion that different research questions, require different research approaches. Susan O’Neill (1999) conducted a qualitative case study to examine facets of a women’s personality and  subjectivity in her interpretation of living with OCD. The research was conducted in two semi-structured interviews. In the first interview the participant was asked to tell her story about living with OCD. A discursive analysis was then conducted on the narrative and presented to her in the second interview; she was then asked to analyse her reactions to the analysis and provide further clarifications, which identified different aspects of personality of OCD sufferers not previously identified. This study demonstrates the value of using reflexive interviews in order to get a deeper understanding of the participant. In contrast, a study conducted by Porche et al. (2012) in which cognitive performance was tested in methadone patients would not be suitable for qualitative methods. This research utilised tasks to measure psychomotor performance, memory, attention and executive function. Due to the nature of the research and measurement tools used, it would only be suitable to undertake this research as quantitative. In conclusion psychological researchers should clearly understand the study’s purpose and goals before looking at methodology and paradigms to ensure they use a paradigm suitable for the research goal or even consider using mixed research designs. It is also important to understand that the quality of the research is anchored to the correct use or combination of research paradigms, which ultimately should complement and support the research goal (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132). References Burton, L., Westen, D., & Kowalski, R. (2012). Psychology: 3rd Australian and New Zealand edition. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons. Frost, N. (2011). Qualitative research methods in psychology: Combining core approaches. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com Hayes, N. (2000). Doing psychological research. Buckingham: Open University Press. Krauss, S. E. (2005). Research paradigms and meaning making: A primer. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 758-770. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR10-4/krauss.pdf McQueen, R. A., & Knussen, C. (2013). Introduction to research methods and statistics in psychology: A practical guide for the undergraduate researcher (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. O’neill, S. (1999). Living with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case study of a woman’s construction of self. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 12(1) 73-86. doi: 10.1080/09515079908254079 Ponterotto, J. G. (2002). Qualitative research methods: The fifth force in psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 30(3) 394-406. doi: 10.1177/0011000002303002 Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52(2), 126-136. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126 Ponterotto, J. G. (2010). Qualitative research in multicultural psychology: Philosophical underpinnings, popular approaches, and ethical considerations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 581-58. doi:10.1037/a0012051 Porche, H. K., Umbricht, A., Klevkamp, B. A., Vandrey, R., Strain, E. C., Bigelow, G. E., & Mintzer, M. Z. (2012). Comparison of cognitive performance in methadone maintenance patients with and without current cocaine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124 (1-2) 167-171. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.009 Wellington, J. & Szczerbinski, M. (2007). Research methods for the social sciences. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com VanderStoep, S.W., &Johnson, D. D. (2008). Research methods for everyday life: blending qualitative and quantitative approaches. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com

Free Essays on Anti- Federalists

The formation of our Constitution was a difficult task for our founding fathers. The goal was to establish a new working government to rule an American Nation. This new government would be in the benefit of the citizens as well as the individual person. Just as all great ideals come with great intentions the outcome may not be of the desired result. With the population larger than many other countries to begin with and giving them the opportunity to form their own Constitution to be rule by would be more than enough to separate any social gathering. Beginning of the Anti-Federalist The Federalist and the Anti-Federalist are considered to be some of the first political parties of this country. Despite the name of these two parties their views are actually in opposite of there titles. The Federalist group was those in favor of the Constitution and advertised it to the people to ratify it. Those who disagreed or wished to make changes with the newly Constitution, they were accused of have dramatic apposing views to the Federalist parties. However â€Å"The truly federalist-minded group was a bit slow on the public-relations uptake and promptly found themselves saddled with the label ‘Anti-Federalist’, with all the negativity and obstructionism the name implied.† (Inerny 67) The Anti-Feudalists felt that the Articles of Confederation need some revising in the distribution of power. It was their opinion that the Constitution gave to much freedom to the president, not enough power to the local government, and the congress would be to small to properly and productively serve their constituencies. Anti-Federalists feared that with the dominant power in the national government the central government would decay to nothing, leaving the national government unaware of local activities. This would cause the government to run the country by force, creating a new form of Tyranny. The Anti-Feudalists believed that the solutio... Free Essays on Anti- Federalists Free Essays on Anti- Federalists The formation of our Constitution was a difficult task for our founding fathers. The goal was to establish a new working government to rule an American Nation. This new government would be in the benefit of the citizens as well as the individual person. Just as all great ideals come with great intentions the outcome may not be of the desired result. With the population larger than many other countries to begin with and giving them the opportunity to form their own Constitution to be rule by would be more than enough to separate any social gathering. Beginning of the Anti-Federalist The Federalist and the Anti-Federalist are considered to be some of the first political parties of this country. Despite the name of these two parties their views are actually in opposite of there titles. The Federalist group was those in favor of the Constitution and advertised it to the people to ratify it. Those who disagreed or wished to make changes with the newly Constitution, they were accused of have dramatic apposing views to the Federalist parties. However â€Å"The truly federalist-minded group was a bit slow on the public-relations uptake and promptly found themselves saddled with the label ‘Anti-Federalist’, with all the negativity and obstructionism the name implied.† (Inerny 67) The Anti-Feudalists felt that the Articles of Confederation need some revising in the distribution of power. It was their opinion that the Constitution gave to much freedom to the president, not enough power to the local government, and the congress would be to small to properly and productively serve their constituencies. Anti-Federalists feared that with the dominant power in the national government the central government would decay to nothing, leaving the national government unaware of local activities. This would cause the government to run the country by force, creating a new form of Tyranny. The Anti-Feudalists believed that the solutio...

quilities of good instructor essays

quilities of good instructor essays Whether a good or bad instruction can affect the learning of students. A lot of instructors had been teaching me through out my years in school. No doubt some of the instructors are good and some of them are bad. Whether the instructor is bad or good cannot be judge by his or her education background. It is also important that they have a good way and method of treating and teaching their student. Teaching individually will be very effective, however, it will not happen in a classroom. In order to be affecting in the classroom, I think the instructor should be patient to the students, understand how people learn, be familiar with the difficulties people have with learning, then recognize these difficulties when they occur in class and know how to overcome these difficulties, and finally plan and be prepared to teach. It is hard for an instructor to teach a lot of student with different learning ability at the same time; therefore, the primary factor to teach is patient. Patient is a primary thing to be an instructor. There are a lot of student in a classroom. The instructor should know that different person has different learning ability. Some Student may learn very fast but some learn very slowly. The instructor should not expect all students get the knowledge right after he taught. Student may ask a lot of questions or need to be explained a lot of time to understand the material. The instructor should be patient to the student when dealing with different students. Knowing that there are a lot of materials from the book to cover in a school year, a well skilled instructor should always plan ahead for the lecture. Remember there are poorly skilled instructors too - most of us have had inexperienced or poor teachers. The instructor does not use paraphrasing or a lesson plan effectively. The instructor has a poor delivery which slow, long-winded, irrelevant, rambling, repetitious and boring. The instructor lacks the knowledge neces...

Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 More Lean Marketing Ideas)

Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 More Lean Marketing Ideas) Marketers are often asked to do more with less. Publish more frequently to get better results. Publish more with only the resources you already have. Publish more content thats among  the best youve ever published. And do all of that as fast as you possibly can. I dont think those are  unrealistic expectations, either. As marketers, our job is to create content that attracts an audience interested in what our businesses sell. Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 Bonus *Unconventional* #LeanMarketing Ideas)Its 100% true that publishing more content gives us more data to analyze to increase our results more quickly than ever before. And if youre publishing content and not measuring your results how do you know youre attracting the audience that is interested in what youre selling? The proof is in the numbers. And the proof that your work isnt generating results also exists  when you have no numbers to show for the work youve done. ^ That happens, unfortunately, when you  waste time doing projects that focus on the 10%. Let me explain. Lean Marketing = 10x Growth Versus 10% Improvement Theres a mantra you hear daily at : Focus on 10x growth and forget the 10% improvements. That means prioritizing the work you do to reach your marketing goals ten times faster. Dont do the trivial minutia that sucks productivity away (and honestly doesnt drive huge growth). Prioritize your work to reach your marketing goals ten times faster.Your Example For example, should you focus on writing better content or research the best times to publish your content? 10x growth can definitely come from sharing  better content. But publishing at the best times is a  10% improvement because it  focuses too heavily on one-day advantages versus the long-term 10x benefits of strong evergreen, keyword-driven content. (Plus, you can automatically post at the best times without any manual busywork.) Make sense? Heres another example. My Example We recently launched a course to help marketers plan their 2017 marketing strategy. We thought a video would be great to promote the course: We could add the video to   the signup page! We could share the video on Facebook! Then we could also do Facebook video ads  to reach a larger audience! We could upload the video to YouTube! That video would have been a 10% project. And we would have spent hours recording, designing, editing, uploading, and sharing the thing. Do you know how we knew the video would have been a 10% improvement? We had created a video for a previous course that had only 914 views. Thousands of students literally  joined the course  without ever scrolling down the  signup page far enough to even watch the video (which we learned with data from  heat mapping). For this new course, could we have created a video and put it higher on the page so people would watch it? Sure. But the video  didnt matter last time because we promoted  the course so well that our audience didnt need to be sold any further- the moment  they saw the signup form, they signed up. Video on Facebook tends to perform well. Thats 100% true. But hours of effort for one Facebook post? Plus, we knew from our prior Facebook ads that video does not convert even close to as well as  other visuals like colorful screenshots and custom photography. Thats likely something to do with our audience, but hey. It was a data-driven decision, nevertheless. We have a small following on YouTube now. Sure, more videos = larger audience. But is it worth the effort  to create a video to reach a handful of people? ^ Thats a real life example of how we sift through projects to focus our efforts on 10x growth instead of 10% improvements. That course is definitely 10x growth. But the video to promote it? 10%. A lot of these lean marketing ideas go against the grain. Its a frame of mind that helps you prioritize your work for growth instead of perfection. Prioritize your work for growth instead of perfection. So what other unconventional  things do we do to focus our time on 10x growth instead of 10% improvement in the marketing team at ? Lean Marketing Idea #1: Prioritize + Start Perfection There are a million things you could do. What should you do? What are you doing today that youre doing simply because youve always done it that way? In its simplest form, start with a list of projects prioritized by great for growth to just OK for growth. To use an agile product management term, thats your marketing project backlog. This is what ours looks like for the demand generation marketing team at : Once you know your best opportunities for 10x growth, map your projects week by week to know when youll tackle (and complete) them. Again with the agile terminology: That map is called your marketing sprint backlog. This is what ours looks like: Then you start executing. But, for many of us, starting is difficult. Its human nature to want to be an expert. To shoot for perfection. But when you start youre anything but an expert. The work you produce wont be perfect. And thats perfect. I recently discovered a new favorite quote from Zig Ziglar that should help you get started: You dont have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great. - Zig Ziglar The highest priority project on your marketing project  backlog may involve learning new skills, doing things youve never done before. The most important thing to do is start. Its scientifically proven that  you need to start, hone your process, and consistently improve to master  a new skill. As it turns out, that kind skill acquisition is really handy for us marketers who want to publish more content. And thats because If you don’t ship, you actually haven’t started anything at all. At some point, your work has to intersect with the market. At some point, you need feedback as to whether or not it worked. Otherwise, it’s merely a hobby. - Seth Godin Shooting for perfection is imperfect. Publish something just good enough, improve your process, and learn from what youve done. Shooting for perfection is imperfect.Lean Marketing Idea #2: Ditch The Documented Marketing Strategy People who write down their goals are more likely to  make them a reality. So write yours down. Then create your marketing project roadmap and marketing sprint backlog. If you have those three things (goal + roadmap + backlog), you dont need a 54-page marketing strategy describing what you need to do. You can execute the right projects (right now) that will make that goal a reality. We dont have a documented marketing plan  at . And if you think thats crazy, the results of our strategy  prove it works. In 2016, we boosted our results by 125%. We get more than 1 million monthly page views to our content from more than 130k email subscribers. And  now were doubling down on new goals with the same strategic approach. You see not having a documented plan is not about acting without strategy. And we prioritize execution for 10x growth over internal documentation that doesnt put the proof of numbers in our favor. Not having a documented plan is not about acting without strategy.This is a concept adapted from Eric Ries book, The Lean Startup.  And its something our CEO and Co-Founder at , Garrett Moon, is pretty passionate about: For a startup, business plans are no longer normal. In fact, they are now considered a faux pas and seen as a mere â€Å"business guess.† But that wasn’t always the case. Before the lean startup, the business plan was a document that assumed we knew everything there was to know about our business, a plan set in stone. It was done, or so we thought. In reality, it was just a big huge guess. Marketing plans and gigantic old strategy documents aren’t much different. They may sound novel and responsible, but the reality is that they are just guesses too. - Garrett Moon Work on the right projects. Help them reach the right audience. And put in the right amount of effort. Lean Marketing Idea #3: You Dont Need An Approval Process Empower + trust your team. If you manage everything right from the beginning, you dont need five rounds of drafts to approve (that your content creators loathe, by the way). Heres how to do it: Have a goal. Prioritize  the  project that will make that goal a reality. Discuss how to execute the project as a team. Break down the project into a chronological list of tasks. Assign the tasks  to your  team. Publish the content when all tasks are complete. ^ Am I oversimplifying that? I really  dont think so. If you nail the process as your team executes from the start,  the work theyll produce will be world class the first time around. And that will eliminate the need for lengthy last-minute edits, tweaks, and fire drills. So how can you  do that? A Standard Of Performance may be just what your team needs. In combination with solid project management (check out the six steps ^), a Standard Of Performance assigns expectations for the content your team is producing. For example, blog posts at have five pillars in our Standard Of Performance: Topic: The angle is well-chosen to attract an audience interested in resolving the challenges delivers. Keyword: The content is optimized to attract an audience at exactly the moment they need it most- when theyre searching for it. Research: The content is factual + backed by data, examples, or testimonials. Comprehensive + Concise: The content covers the topic exhaustively, but is  all killer, no filler. Optimized: The content is optimized for conversion, whether it be  capturing email subscribers or generating trial signup leads. When your team follows your process and delivers on your Standards Of Performance, you effectively remove the need for a lengthy approval process. Dont get me wrong. There is still process. But its process to boost productivity and free up your teams time (and yours, too). Replace approval with empowerment.Lean Marketing Idea #4: Dont Edit Your Content After You Publish It Process directs positive outcome. It doesnt direct perfection. Even when copyediting is a task in your workflow process, chances are, youre going to publish content with spelling errors, grammar mistakes, and sentences/paragraphs you just arent 100% satisfied with. ^ Editing typos + grammar + personal qualms after youve published content is a 10% improvement. I can tell you from experience that the grammar police will let you know when they find  these mistakes. Theyre being nice so you can stop  your 10x project to: Go into WordPress Search for that blog post Hunt for the specific paragraph and sentence Change a couple characters Hit update View your blog post Scroll to the specific paragraph and sentence Re-read everything so it sounds + looks great Then you can get back to the real work that actually adds measurable, 10x impact to your goal. We make mistakes in every blog post we publish on the blog. People let us know about them in blog post comments, social media, emails, and way more. It is helpful, sure. And  we chock up that advice to lessons learned. We commit to  avoiding  those same mistakes next time around. But we dont stop what were doing for 10% improvement. Make mistakes once.Lean Marketing Idea #5: Develop Frameworks That Help Your Team Make Solid Decisions Without You Its unrealistic (and super  micro-managery) to help your team members make every decision. Simple frameworks make this possible. Youve already read about a couple of ours at : 10x growth versus 10% improvement Standards Of Performance Create the right content, get it in the right hands, and put in the right level of effort Garrett actually wrote an entire blog post about the questions he asks the team to keep us focused on what matters. These questions are also frameworks  we, as a team, ask ourselves as we work to focus our decisions on the best possible outcomes. Here are just a few of the questions we use as frameworks: Whats in it for them? Does this meet our standard of performance? What can you ship right now? Are you building a monopoly? Do you have everything you need to be successful? You might want to borrow those frameworks. Or maybe this can inspire you to come up with your own. The point is, frameworks help your team  make the right decisions by themselves because youve given them the guidance/direction/empowerment to do it without you. Lean Marketing Idea #6: Use The Right Tools Designed For The Right Job How valuable is your time? Lets say you make a salary of $50,000 a year. With 250 working days at 8 hours a day, you make $25 an hour. When  you spend more than 1 hour doing something manually that a tool could do for $25, you are wasting productivity. Here are some examples of what I mean (specifically for the team at ): We could manually search for  all mentions of the brand across the web (which would take forever). Or we could use a tool like Mention to see every mention in one place and easily respond. Easy choice. We could manually schedule emails one at a time for specific  segments. Or we could use marketing email automation to automatically (and intelligently) send specific emails to the right audiences at the right times based on their interests. AKA do the work once and let a system manage the mechanics again, easy choice. We could use  a spreadsheet as our marketing calendar (which only one person could access at a time, and doesnt integrate with our marketing tools). Or we could use to organize  every project in one place, eliminate endless  email CCs, and assign tasks to complete work super efficiently. No brainer. The time you spend manually working through something a tool could do more efficiently  is probably  more expensive than buying the tool designed for the job. The time you spend on manual work is more expensive than buying the right tool.Those Are A Few Of  Our Unconventional Lean Marketing Ideas You might  be nodding your head and smiling right now. Or ready to write that comment to tell me why Im completely wrong. Either way, I want to hear from you. ;)

The Sixth Sense essays

The Sixth Sense essays The Sixth Sense was, in my opinion a good movie. The basics of the movie include Dr. Malcolm Crowe (Bruce Willis), a distinguished child psychologist, gets an award for his work but gets shot that same night by Vincent Grey, a patient that he couldnt help. Later, he meets Cole Sear (Haley Joel Osment), a nine-year-old boy who just happens to have the same characteristics as Vincent Grey. They help each other discover the missing piece to figuring out their problems and how to live with them. The beginning of the movie is good in the fact that it doesnt let anyone in on the ending. A question in my mind rises about the huge blank spot between when Dr. Malcolm Crowe gets shot and when he first sees Cole Sear. From what I can figure out, it has been about one year with absolutely no information on what or where he has been. This bothered me. There was too much blank time there. It just doesnt match with the end of the movie. The next thing on my mind would be when Cole and Dr. Crowe are talking in the church, and Dr. Crowe overhears Cole talking to his toy soldiers and he said De profundus clamo act te damine, which Dr. Crowe later discovers that when translated from Latin, it states Out of the depths, I cry to you O Lord. I liked this in the way that it made me wonder who or what would make him say that. The cabinets in a later scene just really amaze me in the effect they have. They were put in just the right spot to get my suspicion really going, and the sweaty palm prints on the table just add to the intensity rising on trying to figure out what is going on, or what is happening to this little boy. Then, Tommy Tommisinno was acting like his friend. I began to think something wasnt quite right. There was an important piece missing. In a later part, Cole walks in on his mom and Dr. Crowe sitting in his living room like they had been talking. Co ...

lord of flies essays

lord of flies essays A running theme in Lord of the Flies is that man is savage at heart, always ultimately reverting back to an evil and primitive nature. The cycle of man's rise to power, or righteousness, and his inevitable fall from grace is an important point that book proves again and again, often comparing man with characters from the Bible to give a more vivid picture of his descent. Lord Of The Flies symbolizes this fall in different manners, ranging from the illustration of the mentality of actual primitive man to the reflections of a corrupt seaman in purgatory. The novel is the story of a group of boys of different backgrounds who are marooned on an unknown island when their plane crashes. As the boys try to organize and formulate a plan to get rescued, they begin to separate and as a result of the dissension a band of savage tribal hunters is formed. Eventually the "stranded boys in Lord of the Flies almost entirely shake off civilized behavior: (Riley 1: 119). When the confusion finally leads to a manhunt [for Ralph], the reader realizes that despite the strong sense of British character and civility that has been instilled in the youth throughout their lives, the boys have backpedaled and shown the underlying savage side existent in all humans. "Golding senses that institutions and order imposed from without are temporary, but man's irrationality and urge for destruction are enduring" (Riley 1: 119). The novel shows the reader how easy it is to revert back to the evil nature inherent in man. If a group of well-conditioned school boys can ultimately wind up committing various extreme travesties, one can imagine what adults, leaders of society, are capable of doing under the pressures of trying to maintain world relations. In the novel, Simon is a peaceful lad who tries to show the boys that there is no monster on the island except the fears that the boys have. "Simon tries to state the truth: ...

A History of The Rolling Stones

A History of The Rolling Stones The longest-performing rock band of all time, the Rolling Stones have greatly influenced rock and roll throughout the decades. Beginning as part of the British Rock Invasion of the 1960s, the Rolling Stones quickly became the â€Å"bad-boy† band with an image of sex, drugs, and wild behavior. After five decades together, the Rolling Stones have amassed eight #1 singles and ten consecutive gold albums. Dates: 1962-Present Also Known As: The Stones Original Members: Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonicaKeith Richards - guitar, backing vocalsCharlie Watts - drumsBrian Jones - guitar, harmonica, sitar, backing vocalsIan Stewart - pianoBill Wyman - bass guitar, backing vocals Current Members: Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonicaKeith Richards – guitarCharlie Watts – drumsRon Wood - bass guitar Overview   The Rolling Stones were a British band, begun in the early 1960s, influenced by American rhythm and blues artists such as Little Richard, Chuck Berry, and Fats Domino, as well as jazz musician Miles Davis. However, the Rolling Stones eventually created their own sound by experimenting with instruments and writing rhythm and blues mixed with rock and roll. When the Beatles hit international stardom in 1963, the Rolling Stones were right on their heels. While the Beatles became known as the good-boy band (influencing pop rock), the Rolling Stones became known as the bad-boy band (influencing blues-rock, hard rock, and grunge bands). Important Friendships In the early 1950s, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were elementary-school classmates in Kent, England, until Jagger went to a different school. Nearly a decade later, their friendship was rekindled after a chance encounter at a train station in 1960. While Jagger was on his way to the London School of Economics where he was studying accounting, Richards was commuting to Sidcup Art College where he was studying graphic art. Since Jagger had a couple of Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records under his arm when they met, talk quickly turned to music. They discovered that Jagger had been singing adolescent â€Å"love frustration† songs in underground clubs in London while Richards had been playing the guitar since the age of 14. The two young men once again became friends, creating a partnership that has kept the Rolling Stones together for decades. Looking for an outlet to try out their musical talent, Jagger and Richards, plus another young musician named Brian Jones, began to occasionally play in a band named Blues Incorporated (the first electric RB band in Britain). The band embraced aspiring young musicians with an interest in this type of music, allowing them to perform in cameo appearances. This is where Jagger and Richards met Charlie Watts, who was the drummer for Blues Incorporated. Forming the Band Soon, Brian Jones decided to start his own band. To get started, Jones placed an advertisement in Jazz News on May 2, 1962, inviting musicians to audition for a new RB group. Pianist Ian â€Å"Stu† Stewart was the first to respond. Then Jagger, Richards, Dick Taylor (bass guitar), and Tony Chapman (drums) joined as well. According to Richards, Jones named the band while on the phone trying to book a gig. When asked for a band name, Jones glanced down at a Muddy Waters LP, saw one of the tracks named â€Å"Rollin’ Stone Blues† and said, â€Å"Rollin’ Stones.† The new band, named Rollin’ Stones and led by Jones, played their first performance at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962. The Rollin’ Stones soon secured a residency at the Crawdaddy Club, bringing in younger audiences who were looking for something new and exciting. This new sound, a renaissance of blues performed by young British musicians, had kids standing on the tables, rocking, dancing, and shouting to the sound of electric guitars with a provocative singer. Bill Wyman (bass guitar, backing vocals) joined in December 1962, replacing Dick Taylor who went back to college. Wyman wasn’t their first choice, but he had an amplifier the band desired. Charlie Watts (drums) joined the following January, replacing Tony Chapman who left for another band. The Rolling Stones Cut a Record Deal In 1963, the Rollin’ Stones signed with a manager named Andrew Oldham, who had been helping to promote the Beatles. Oldham saw the Rollin’ Stones as the â€Å"anti-Beatles† and decided to promote their bad-boy image to the press. Oldham also changed the spelling of the band’s name by adding a â€Å"g,† making it â€Å"Rolling Stones† and changed Richards’ last name to Richard (which Richard later changed back to Richards). Also in 1963, the Rolling Stones cut their first single, Chuck Berry’s â€Å"Come On.† The song hit #21 on the UK singles chart. The Stones appeared on the TV show, Thank Your Lucky Stars, to perform the song while wearing matching houndstooth jackets to appease television producers. Their second hit single, â€Å"I Wanna Be Your Man,† written by the Lennon-McCartney songwriting duo of the Beatles, reached #12 on the UK chart. Their third single, Buddy Holly’s â€Å"Not Fade Away,† hit #3 on the same chart. This was their first American hit that went to #48 on the American chart. Parents Hate the Stones The press turned an eye toward the Rolling Stones, a group of brash punks upsetting the status quo by playing black music to young white audiences. A March 1964 article in the British weekly Melody Maker titled, â€Å"Would You Let Your Sister Go With a Stone,† created such a stir that 8,000 kids showed up at the Rolling Stones’ next gig. The band decided the press was good for their popularity and thus purposely started shenanigans such as growing their hair and wearing casual, mod-style (modified) suits to receive more media attention. The Rolling Stones Roll into America Becoming too big to perform in clubs by early 1964, the Rolling Stones went on a British tour. In June 1964, the band rolled into America to perform concerts and to record at Chess Studios in Chicago as well as the Hollywood RCA Studios, where they captured the vibrant, earthy sound they desired due to better acoustics. Their American concert in San Bernardino, California, was well received by excited schoolboys and screaming schoolgirls, even without a major hit record in the States. But the Midwest concerts proved spotty because no one had heard of them. Crowds picked up again at the New York concert. Once back in Europe, the Rolling Stones released their fourth single, Bobby Womack’s â€Å"It’s All Over Now,† which they had recorded in America at Chess Studios. A fanatical Stones cult began to form after the song hit #1 on the UK charts. It was their very first #1 hit. Jagger and Richards Start Writing Songs Oldham urged Jagger and Richards to start writing their own songs, but the duo found that writing blues was harder than they expected. Instead, they ended up writing a type of morphed blues-rock, a hybrid of blues with a heavier melody than improvisation. On their second trip to America in October 1964, the Rolling Stones performed on the Ed Sullivan TV show, changing the words to â€Å"Let’s Spend the Night Together† (written by Richards and Jagger) to â€Å"Let’s Spend Some Time Together† due to censorship. That same month they appeared in the concert film the T.A.M.I. Show in Santa Monica, California, with James Brown, the Supremes, Chuck Berry, and the Beach Boys. Both venues greatly improved their American exposure and Jagger began to mimic the moves of James Brown. Their Mega Hit The Rolling Stones’ 1965 mega-hit, â€Å"(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,† with Richards’ fuzz-guitar riff designed to imitate the sound of a horn section, hit #1 worldwide. Their musical attitude, a mixture of rebellion and irreverence using urgent guitars, tribal drums, forceful harmonicas, and sexually tensed vocals, seduced the young and alarmed the old. When the Rolling Stones had another #1 hit, â€Å"Paint It Black,† the following year, they had begun to secure their rock-star status. Although Brian Jones had started the band, the leadership of the Rolling Stones shifted to Jagger and Richards once they had proved themselves to be a strong songwriting team. Drugs, Death, and Citations By 1967, the members of the Rolling Stones were living like rock-stars, which meant they were abusing a lot of drugs. It was in that year that Richards, Jagger, and Jones were all charged with possession of drugs (and given suspended sentences). Unfortunately, Jones was not only addicted to drugs; his mental health spiraled out of control. By 1969, the rest of the band members could no longer tolerate Jones, so he left the band on June 8. Just a few weeks later, Jones drowned in his swimming pool on July 2, 1969. By the late 1960s, the Rolling Stones had become the bad boys they had once promoted themselves to be. Their concerts from this period, filled with teenagers from the growing counterculture movement (young people experimenting with communal living, music, and drugs), were raucous enough to lead to a number of citations against the Rolling Stones for causing concert violence. Jagger’s Nazi goose-stepping onstage didn’t help. Rolling Stones Gather No Moss in the 70s, 80s, and 90s By the early 1970s, the Rolling Stones were a controversial group, banned from many countries and exiled from Britain in 1971 for not paying their taxes. The Stones fired their manager Allen Klein (who had taken over from Oldham in 1966) and started their own record label, Rolling Stones Records. The Rolling Stones continued to write and record music, mixing in punk and disco genres inspired by new band member Ron Woods. Richards was arrested in Toronto for heroin trafficking, resulting in legal limbo for 18 months; he was subsequently sentenced to perform a benefit concert for the blind. Richards then quit heroin. During the early 1980s, the band experimented with the new-wave genre, but members began to pursue solo careers due to creative differences. Jagger wanted to continue experimenting with contemporary sounds, and Richards wanted to stay rooted in blues. Ian Stewart suffered a fatal heart attack in 1985. In the late 80s, The Rolling Stones realized they were stronger together. They chose to reunite and announced a new album. By the end of the decade, the Rolling Stones were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. In 1993, Bill Wyman announced his retirement. The Stones’ Voodoo Lounge album won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995 and prompted a world tour. Jagger and Richards agreed that their drifting in the 80s attributed to their success in the 90s. They believe that had they stayed together, they would have broken up. The Stones Keep On Rollin into the New Millennium The Rolling Stones have endured waxing and waning popularity over the decades. While band members are now in their sixties and seventies in the new millennium, they still perform, tour, and record. In 2003, Jagger was knighted to Sir Michael Jagger, causing another riff between himself and Richards, especially, according to Richards, because the band’s message had always been anti-establishment. There was also a public outcry that questioned the appropriateness of knighting a former British tax exile. Documentaries regarding the band’s exceptionally long and controversial career capture the counterculture movement, perfecting the technology of recording records, and flamboyantly performing to live audiences. The band’s lips and tongue logo, designed by John Pasche in the 70s (a symbol of their anti-establishment message), is one of the most identifiable band icons in the world.